Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways in the lungs, called bronchi. During an asthma attack, the bronchi become constricted, which makes breathing difficult and leads to sudden wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing.

Asthma affects about 7% of the American population and typically is diagnosed in childhood, although it can develop over time in adults. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Over 100 genes have been associated with asthma in clinical research studies. Many of the genes are related to the immune system. Environmental factors that can increase the risk of developing asthma include tobacco smoke, allergic conditions such as eczema and hay fever, poor air quality, and obesity. Temporary relief sprays can be bought in the local pharmacy or medical supplies store

Asthma is generally more prevalent in African Americans than in white or Hispanics. Males are more likely to be diagnosed as children, but the condition is more likely to persist into adulthood in females. Lower income populations have a high incidence of asthma, possibly related to poor environmental factors.

Asthma is diagnosed by a physician using the results from a medical history to determine the severity of the disease, a physical exam to assess for a cause, and a lung function test using a spirometer to measure how much oxygen is being taken in with each breath. The physician may also order allergy tests or a chest xray, particularly if the condition is difficult to treat with standard medications.

Asthma is treated with an inhaled medication called a bronchodilator, which reduces the inflammation of the bronchi, expands the airway, and allows for an improved flow of air and oxygen into the lungs. Patients may also be prescribed a long-acting medication to prevent future asthma attacks, such as leukotriene inhibitors (brand name Singulair) or theophylline.

Asthma sufferers should also work with their physicians to uncover certain triggers that lead to asthma attacks. These include pet dander, dust, changes in weather, exercise, mold, pollen, or stress.

There is no cure for asthma, however, with proper treatment, the symptoms can be managed and may improve over time.